Am Surg 28:1–5Įkici F, Tekbas G, Hamidi C et al (2013) The distribution of stylohyoid chain anatomic variations by age groups and gender: an analysis using MDCT. Arch Otolaryngol 25:584–587Įagle WW (1962) The symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of the elongated styloid process. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 268:1241–1244Įagle WW (1937) Elongated styloid process. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 137:248–252Ĭosta TP, De Araujo CEN, Filipe J, Pereira AM (2011) First-bite syndrome in oncologic patients. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Belg 40:207–214Ĭolby CC, Del Gaudio JM (2011) Stylohyoid complex syndrome. Neurosurgery 43:842–853Ĭhiu AG, Cohen JI, Burningham AR, Andersen PE, Davidson BJ (2002) First bite syndrome: a complication of surgery involving the parapharyngeal space. Ear Nose Throat J 85:443–445īejjani GK, Sullivan B, Salas-Lopes E, Abello J, Wright DC, Jurjus A, Sekhar LN (1998) Surgical anatomy of the infratemporal fossa: the styloid diaphragm revisited. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 269:9–16īeder E, Ozgursoy OB, Karatayli S, Anadolu Y (2006) Three-dimensional computed tomography and surgical treatment for Eagle’s syndrome. Such relationships between the extracranial IX nerve, the styloid muscles and the transverse process of the atlas should be appreciated by clinician who treats patients with stylohyoid complex syndromes and by the surgeon for the parapharyngeal spaces approach.Īydil U, Kizil Y, Köybasioglu A (2012) Less known non-infectious and neuromusculoskeletal system-originated anterolateral neck and craniofacial pain disorders. The external carotid artery and some of its branches lie in contact with the lateral side of the IX nerve. The meeting point of the two segments of the IX nerve is about 10 mm anteriorly located from the transverse process of the atlas. The extracranial IX nerve turns around the SPM superiorly with a vertical segment posterior to the SPM and inferiorly with a horizontal segment lateral to the SPM. It courses from the medial surface of the SP in a deep plane hidden between the SHM and the SGM. The stylopharyngeal muscle (SPM) is the most vertical and medial of the three styloid muscles.
The styloglossus muscle (SGM) is medial and anterior to the SHM. The stylohyoid muscle (SHM) is anteromedially located to the posterior belly of the digastric muscle. The styloid process (SP) is the main superior osseous landmark for the three muscles of the styloid diaphragm. Different osseous landmarks were investigated for easy nerve location.
The three styloid muscles delimit three triangular intermuscular intervals which were each thoroughly explored. In ten adult heads from cadavers (20 sides) fixed in formalin, dissection of the extracranial IX nerve was performed under operating microscope with special attention given to the relationships between this nerve and the styloid muscles of the styloid diaphragm. In humans, the IX nerve is a hidden retrostyloid nerve which plays a critical role notably in swallowing and has to be preserved during infratemporal fossa and parapharyngeal spaces surgical procedures. The purpose of the study was to determine the relationships between the extracranial glossopharyngeal (IX) nerve and the muscles of the styloid diaphragm.
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